Static and non staic reference, Synchronized and unsynchronized, abstarct class,

Hi to all :),
Hope you all will be fine.Actually i want to know the answers of some questions to clear my confusion

1. Why we not reference a static method from a non static context. What the reason?
   
2. We say static mean belonging to whole class what is mean by belonging to whole class because it's also possible to make an instance of class and then access static method using object instance?
   
3. What is mean by when we say that HashMap is unsynchronized and Hashtable is synchronized?
   
4. Similarly Vector is synchronized whereas arraylist is not?
   
5. Why we not instantiated abstract class, What's the reason? It is possible to make class abstract without declare any method abstract, so why we declare abstract methods?when we make our class abstarct?

if I have a code like this how can i make a constructor and use super

Code:

---

    public class Car {

        private double regularPrice;
 
        private Car(double regularPrice){
            this.regularPrice = regularPrice;
        }
    }

    public class Ford extends Car{

        private Ford(double regularPrice,  int year, int manufacturerdiscount){
            super(regularPrice);
            this.year = year;
        }
    }

---

Means when i use private constructor how can i make instance of it and how i use super keyword to access super class members? Also when we use private constructors?, is it a good programming practice to make constructor private?

Please give me answer of these questions.
Thanks in advance

"Why we not reference a static method from a non static context. What the reason?"
I think you have it backwards? Perhaps I am misunderstanding. You can reference static things from a non-static context, but you cannot have a static thing reference something that is not static. For example:

Code:

---

    static int num = 4;
   
    public void test(){
        int myNum = num;
    }

---

works fine but this does not:

Code:

---

    int num = 4;
   
    public static void test(){
        int myNum = num;
    }

---

- "We say static mean belonging to whole class..."
Static actually means that the variable/method does not require instantiation. So, what you said is basically correct, but understand why. Static variables and methods exist wether or not an object of that class type is instantiated. For instance:

Code:

---

Color myColor = Color.RED;

---

RED is a static Color object in the color class. You can make use of it without instantiating a color object.
-"What is mean by when we say that HashMap is unsynchronized and Hashtable is synchronized? ..."
Synchronized means it is thread safe. Multiple threads can use the object without fear of concurrent thread access. So when something is unsynchronized, there is no guarantee that two threads cannot muck with data at the same time.
-"Why we not instantiated abstract class, What's the reason? It is possible to make class abstract without declare any method abstract, so why we declare abstract methods?when we make our class abstarct?"
The definition of an abstract class is to define what an object will do but not how it does it. This preserves Object Oriented Relationships and loose coupling in the sense that it forces other programmers making use of an abstract object to define certain methods, but gives them the freedom to tailor the working of those methods to their particular application.

A private constructor can be used if you specifically do not want someone to instantiate an instance of your object. Consider using public, protected, or package in this case instead of private.

Hope that helps!

Hi :),
Thanks for your reply.That's great but i want to clear more.The code

Code:

---


    static int num = 4;
   
    public void test(){
        int myNum = num;
    }

---

is an example of referencing static variable from non static context, is it? and reverse is not true, and from the code

Code:

---

    int num = 4;
   
    public static void test(){
        int myNum = num;
    }

---

Since we can not access instance variable num in the test method but when num was static we can access it in the test method that's why we say that static belong to whole class

Also in the code regarding private constructor i try the following

Code:

---

        import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;


        public class MyOwnAutoShop {

            public static void main(String[] args) throws InstantiationException{

              try{
                    Constructor[] cons = Car.class.getDeclaredConstructors();
                    cons[0].setAccessible(true);
                    Car car1 = (Car)cons[0].newInstance(null);
              }catch(Exception e){
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
        }

---

First i try this without try catch so it said, throw an exception must be caught so i put it in the try catch block but at line

Car car1 = (Car)cons[0].newInstance(null);

it shows an yellow exclamation mark, i m using netbeans6.5, which contain messages

non-varargs call of varargs method with inexact argument type for last parameter;
cast to java.lang.object for a varargs call
cast to java.lang.object[] for a non-varargs call and to suppress this warning

So what this mean, i try to change (Car) with (Object) but it show message incompatible types, then i replace both Car and (Car) with Object, but it again shows above messages. So what's the problem now.


Thank you very much :)

Hi :),
hope you will be fine.After removing null the warning disappear , do you tell me what role this null playing here and if i use any integers and float there is no warning also

Car car1 = (Car)cons[0].newInstance(null); //display warnings

Car car1 = (Car)cons[0].newInstance(); // no warning

Also i instantiate private constructor, the same i did for Ford class

Code:

---

    try{
            Constructor[] cons1 = Ford.class.getDeclaredConstructors();
            cons1[0].setAccessible(true);
            Car ford1 = (Ford)cons1[0].newInstance(500000, 2004, 20);
        }catch(Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

---

but in the Ford class when i call super(regularPrice) it again says Car has private access so how can i use super() after instantiate private constructor.

Thanks in advance